Executive summary
“Nghệ Thuật Suy Nghĩ Rõ Ràng” là một cuốn sách hướng dẫn độc giả nhận biết và loại bỏ 99 lỗi suy nghĩ phổ biến trong cuộc sống hàng ngày. Tác giả Rolf Dobelli, một nhà văn người Thụy Sĩ, trình bày những sai lầm tư duy được khoa học nhận thức và tâm lý học xã hội chứng minh, chia sẻ những ví dụ thực tế và cách thức chúng ảnh hưởng đến quyết định và hành động của con người.
Cuốn sách này phù hợp với bất kỳ ai muốn nâng cao khả năng tư duy, đưa ra quyết định sáng suốt và sống một cuộc đời hạnh phúc hơn.
Key takeaways
- Nhận biết lỗi suy nghĩ: Hiểu rõ 99 lỗi suy nghĩ phổ biến giúp bạn nhận biết và tránh mắc phải những sai lầm trong tư duy.
- Phân tích logic: Sử dụng logic và phân tích để kiểm tra những niềm tin và suy luận của bản thân, tránh bị ảnh hưởng bởi cảm xúc và thiên kiến.
- Kiểm soát cảm xúc: Nhận thức được tác động của cảm xúc lên suy nghĩ và quyết định, học cách kiểm soát cảm xúc để đưa ra lựa chọn sáng suốt.
- Tìm kiếm thông tin: Luôn trau dồi kiến thức, tìm kiếm thông tin chính xác và đa chiều để đưa ra quyết định sáng suốt.
- Hoạt động hiệu quả: Loại bỏ những hành vi tiêu cực như trì hoãn, dựa dẫm vào người khác, hay chạy theo sự nổi tiếng.
- Tập trung vào bản thân: Đừng so sánh bản thân với người khác, hãy tập trung vào những giá trị bản thân và phát triển bản thân.
- Sống trọn vẹn: Hãy trân trọng hiện tại, tận hưởng cuộc sống và tránh những hành động lãng phí thời gian và năng lượng.
TOC
Introduction
Chapter 1. Why You Should Visit Cemeteries: Survivorship Bias
Chapter 2. Does Harvard Make You Smarter?: Swimmer’s Body Illusion
Chapter 3. Why You See Shapes in the Clouds: Clustering Illusion
Chapter 4. If Fifty Million People Say Something Foolish, It Is Still Foolish: Social Proof
Chapter 5. Why You Should Forget the Past: Sunk Cost Fallacy
Chapter 6. Don’t Accept Free Drinks: Reciprocity
Chapter 7. Beware the “Special Case”: Confirmation Bias (Part 1)
Chapter 8. Murder Your Darlings: Confirmation Bias (Part 2)
Chapter 9. Don’t Bow to Authority: Authority Bias
Chapter 10. Leave Your Supermodel Friends at Home: Contrast Effect
Chapter 11. Why We Prefer a Wrong Map to None at All: Availability Bias
Chapter 12. Why “No Pain, No Gain” Should Set Alarm Bells Ringing: The It’ll-Get-Worse-Before-It-Gets-Better Fallacy
Chapter 13. Even True Stories Are Fairy Tales: Story Bias
Chapter 14. Why You Should Keep a Diary: Hindsight Bias
Chapter 15. Why You Systematically Overestimate Your Knowledge and Abilities: Overconfidence Effect
Chapter 16. Don’t Take News Anchors Seriously: Chauffeur Knowledge
Chapter 17. You Control Less Than You Think: Illusion of Control
Chapter 18. Never Pay Your Lawyer by the Hour: Incentive Super-Response Tendency
Chapter 19. The Dubious Efficacy of Doctors, Consultants, and Psychotherapists: Regression to Mean
Chapter 20. Never Judge a Decision by Its Outcome: Outcome Bias
Chapter 21. Less Is More: Paradox of Choice
Chapter 22. You Like Me, You Really, Really Like Me: Liking Bias
Chapter 23. Don’t Cling to Things: Endowment Effect
Chapter 24. The Inevitability of Unlikely Events: Coincidence
Chapter 25. The Calamity of Conformity: Groupthink
Chapter 26. Why You’ll Soon Be Playing Mega Trillions: Neglect of Probability
Chapter 27. Why the Last Cookie in the Jar Makes Your Mouth Water: Scarcity Error
Chapter 28. When You Hear Hoofbeats, Don’t Expect a Zebra: Base-Rate Neglect
Chapter 29. Why the “Balancing Force of the Universe” Is Baloney: Gambler’s Fallacy
Chapter 30. Why the Wheel of Fortune Makes Our Heads Spin: The Anchor
Chapter 31. How to Relieve People of Their Millions: Induction
Chapter 32. Why Evil Is More Striking Than Good: Loss Aversion
Chapter 33. Why Teams Are Lazy: Social Loafing
Chapter 34. Stumped by a Sheet of Paper: Exponential Growth
Chapter 35. Curb Your Enthusiasm: Winner’s Curse
Chapter 36. Never Ask a Writer If the Novel Is Autobiographical: Fundamental Attribution Error
Chapter 37. Why You Shouldn’t Believe in the Stork: False Causality
Chapter 38. Why Attractive People Climb the Career Ladder More Quickly: Halo Effect
Chapter 39. Congratulations! You’ve Won Russian Roulette: Alternative Paths
Chapter 40. False Prophets: Forecast Illusion
Chapter 41. The Deception of Specific Cases: Conjunction Fallacy
Chapter 42. It’s Not What You Say, but How You Say It: Framing
Chapter 43. Why Watching and Waiting Is Torture: Action Bias
Chapter 44. Why You Are Either the Solution—or the Problem: Omission Bias
Chapter 45. Don’t Blame Me: Self-Serving Bias
Chapter 46. Be Careful What You Wish For: Hedonic Treadmill
Chapter 47. Do Not Marvel at Your Existence: Self-Selection Bias
Chapter 48. Why Experience Can Damage Your Judgment: Association Bias
Chapter 49. Be Wary When Things Get Off to a Great Start: Beginner’s Luck
Chapter 50. Sweet Little Lies: Cognitive Dissonance
Chapter 51. Live Each Day as If It Were Your Last—but Only on Sundays: Hyperbolic Discounting
Chapter 52. Any Lame Excuse: “Because” Justification
Chapter 53. Decide Better—Decide Less: Decision Fatigue
Chapter 54. Would You Wear Hitler’s Sweater?: Contagion Bias
Chapter 55. Why There Is No Such Thing as an Average War: The Problem with Averages
Chapter 56. How Bonuses Destroy Motivation: Motivation Crowding
Chapter 57. If You Have Nothing to Say, Say Nothing: Twaddle Tendency
Chapter 58. How to Increase the Average IQ of Two States: Will Rogers Phenomenon
Chapter 59. If You Have an Enemy, Give Him Information: Information Bias
Chapter 60. Hurts So Good: Effort Justification
Chapter 61. Why Small Things Loom Large: The Law of Small Numbers
Chapter 62. Handle with Care: Expectations
Chapter 63. Speed Traps Ahead!: Simple Logic
Chapter 64. How to Expose a Charlatan: Forer Effect
Chapter 65. Volunteer Work Is for the Birds: Volunteer’s Folly
Chapter 66. Why You Are a Slave to Your Emotions: Affect Heuristic
Chapter 67. Be Your Own Heretic: Introspection Illusion
Chapter 68. Why You Should Set Fire to Your Ships: Inability to Close Doors
Chapter 69. Disregard the Brand New: Neomania
Chapter 70. Why Propaganda Works: Sleeper Effect
Chapter 71. Why It’s Never Just a Two-Horse Race: Alternative Blindness
Chapter 72. Why We Take Aim at Young Guns: Social Comparison Bias
Chapter 73. Why First Impressions Are Deceiving: Primacy and Recency Effects
Chapter 74. Why You Can’t Beat Homemade: Not-Invented-Here Syndrome
Chapter 75. How to Profit from the Implausible: The Black Swan
Chapter 76. Knowledge Is Nontransferable: Domain Dependence
Chapter 77. The Myth of Like-Mindedness: False-Consensus Effect
Chapter 78. You Were Right All Along: Falsification of History
Chapter 79. Why You Identify with Your Football Team: In-Group Out-Group Bias
Chapter 80. The Difference between Risk and Uncertainty: Ambiguity Aversion
Chapter 81. Why You Go with the Status Quo: Default Effect
Chapter 82. Why “Last Chances” Make Us Panic: Fear of Regret
Chapter 83. How Eye-Catching Details Render Us Blind: Salience Effect
Chapter 84. Why Money Is Not Naked: House-Money Effect
Chapter 85. Why New Year’s Resolutions Don’t Work: Procrastination
Chapter 86. Build Your Own Castle: Envy
Chapter 87. Why You Prefer Novels to Statistics: Personification
Chapter 88. You Have No Idea What You Are Overlooking: Illusion of Attention
Chapter 89. Hot Air: Strategic Misrepresentation
Chapter 90. Where’s the Off Switch?: Overthinking
Chapter 91. Why You Take On Too Much: Planning Fallacy
Chapter 92. Those Wielding Hammers See Only Nails: Déformation Professionnelle
Chapter 93. Mission Accomplished: Zeigarnik Effect
Chapter 94. The Boat Matters More Than the Rowing: Illusion of Skill
Chapter 95. Why Checklists Deceive You: Feature-Positive Effect
Chapter 96. Drawing the Bull’s-Eye around the Arrow: Cherry Picking
Chapter 97. The Stone Age Hunt for Scapegoats: Fallacy of the Single Cause
Chapter 98. Why Speed Demons Appear to Be Safer Drivers: Intention-to-Treat Error
Chapter 99. Why You Shouldn’t Read the News: News Illusion
Epilogue
Acknowledgments
A Note on Sources
About the Author
Credits
Copyright
About the Publisher